The disease is caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis, which infects the aerial organs of maize, including stems, leaves, tassels, and ears. The primary symptom is the formation of galls, which are initially covered by a light-colored membrane and, upon maturation, turn into a black, powdery mass of spores.
Resistance of the crop to the pathogen is polygenic in nature and is evaluated within breeding programs under disease pressure. Unlike many other cereal diseases, common smut is characterized by infection throughout the entire growing season; therefore, control is based on selecting resistant hybrids, proper agronomic practices, and minimizing plant damage by pests, which create entry points for the infection.
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Smut.