Terms

Powdery mildew

Erysiphales

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease manifesting as a white web-like coating on plant organs, leading to tissue necrosis, fruit deformation, and significant crop losses.

33 570 varieties

Fusarium wilt and blight

Fusarium

Fusarium is a group of infectious plant diseases caused by fungi of the Fusarium genus, affecting all plant organs and leading to yield reduction and the accumulation of toxins in produce.

29 887 varieties

Viral mosaic diseases

Viral mosaic diseases are a group of systemic infectious plant diseases manifesting in variegated leaf coloration, tissue deformation, and reduced productivity. These diseases are caused by various pathogens, spread by pests and through contact, and are virtually untreatable.

22 022 varieties

Downy mildew

Peronosporaceae

Downy mildew is a dangerous plant disease caused by oomycetes under high humidity conditions. It manifests as a characteristic growth on the underside of leaves and spotting, which leads to rapid death of vegetative mass and yield reduction.

16 384 varieties

Leaf spot diseases

Leaf spot diseases are a group of fungal, bacterial, or viral disorders manifesting as tissue necrosis in the form of spots of various shapes and colors. Pathogen development leads to a reduction in photosynthetic leaf area, tissue deformation, and significant yield losses.

15 926 varieties

Rust

Pucciniales

Rust is a group of dangerous fungal diseases manifesting as pustules on plant organs. The disease significantly reduces yield by disrupting photosynthesis and increasing transpiration.

14 859 varieties

Verticillium wilt

Verticillium

Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease caused by fungi that block plant vascular tissues, leading to gradual wilting and death. The pathogen can persist in the soil for more than 10 years.

12 175 varieties

Scab

Scab is a group of crop diseases caused by fungi, actinomycetes, or plasmodiophoromycetes, manifesting as spots, ulcers, and deformations on vegetative and generative plant organs.

12 064 varieties

Grey mold

Botrytis cinerea

Grey mold is a polyphagous fungal disease manifesting as watery spots and a characteristic grey fuzzy growth on plant organs. The disease causes tissue softening and decay, often affecting plants during the flowering or ripening stages.

7 316 varieties

Late blight

Phytophthora infestans

Late blight is a dangerous disease of solanaceous crops caused by an oomycete, which manifests as the appearance of spots on leaves, stems, and tubers. The development of the disease is triggered by high humidity and moderate temperatures, which can lead to significant crop losses.

6 798 varieties

Leaf mold (brown leaf spot)

Passalora fulva

Leaf mold is a dangerous fungal disease of tomatoes causing premature leaf drying and yield loss. It develops predominantly in greenhouses under high humidity, manifesting as spotting and a velvety coating.

5 283 varieties

Root rots

Root rots are a complex of soil-borne fungal diseases affecting the underground part and the basal zone of plants. The infection manifests latently and leads to a 15–40% reduction in crop productivity.

5 232 varieties

Smut

Ustilaginomycetes

Smut is a group of cereal diseases caused by fungi, in which plant tissues are destroyed and replaced by a mass of black or dark brown spores. The disease is difficult to diagnose until the heading stage, yet it can lead to the loss of half the crop yield.

5 110 varieties

Bacterial diseases

Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Pectobacterium, Ralstonia, Clavibacter, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Streptomyces

Bacterial diseases are plant diseases caused by non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, manifesting as rots, spots, and wilting. Due to diagnostic complexity and high pathogen variability, the selection of resistant varieties is the primary method for reducing yield losses.

5 044 varieties

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

Anthracnose is a group of fungal diseases affecting the aerial parts of plants, manifesting as spots, sunken lesions, and fruit rot. The disease is triggered by high humidity and warm weather, and variety resistance is evaluated through field trials and genetic markers.

4 771 varieties

Septoria leaf blotch

Septoria

Septoria leaf blotch is a complex fungal disease of cereal crops, manifesting as leaf and glume blotch, leading to tissue necrosis and yield reduction.

4 644 varieties

Peach leaf curl

Taphrina deformans

Peach leaf curl is a dangerous stone fruit disease caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans. It manifests as blistering and deformation of leaves, shoots, and fruits, leading to mass defoliation and a yield loss of up to 80%.

3 891 varieties

Phoma rot

Phoma

Phoma rot is a group of fungal diseases manifesting as dry rots, stem necroses, and the appearance of characteristic black pycnidia dots. The disease affects a wide range of crops, causing significant yield losses both in the field and during storage.

3 836 varieties

Helminthosporiosis

Bipolaris, Drechslera

Helminthosporiosis is a complex of plant diseases caused by fungi of various genera, manifested in the form of leaf spots, root rots, and seed infection. The disease leads to a significant reduction in the yield and quality of agricultural crops.

3 441 varieties

White mold

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

White mold is a dangerous fungal disease caused by a soil-borne pathogen that affects a wide range of crops and persists in the soil in the form of sclerotia. The disease leads to significant crop losses and reduced product quality.

3 042 varieties

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe necator

Powdery mildew is a dangerous fungal disease of grapevines affecting all green parts of the plant. It manifests as a white powdery coating, berry necrosis, and shoot deformation, leading to significant yield losses.

3 029 varieties

Downy mildew of grapevines

Plasmopara viticola

Downy mildew is a dangerous disease of grapevines caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. It affects all green parts of the plant, causing the appearance of oily spots and a white fungal bloom, which can lead to crop losses of up to 100%.

2 986 varieties

Alternaria blight

Alternaria

Alternaria blight is a complex of fungal diseases characterized by the appearance of dark spots with concentric zonation on plant organs. The disease leads to tissue necrosis, a reduction in photosynthetic activity, and significant yield losses.

2 812 varieties

Moniliasis (fruit rot)

Monilinia

Moniliasis is a complex fungal disease of fruit crops, manifesting as spring blossom and twig blight or summer fruit rot. The infection causes significant crop damage, leading to browning, wilting of plant parts, and fruit decay.

2 310 varieties

Potato wart

Synchytrium endobioticum

A quarantine disease of potatoes caused by a soil-borne parasitic fungus, manifested by the formation of growths on tubers and plant organs. The disease leads to significant yield losses and requires the use of exclusively wart-resistant varieties to clear the soil.

2 298 varieties

Tissue necrosis

Alternaria cucumerina, Leptosphaeria maculans, Nectria cinnabarina, Rhacodiella vitis, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas corrugata, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Prunus necrotic ringspot

Necrosis is a pathological process of plant tissue death caused by infectious agents (fungi, bacteria, viruses) or non-infectious environmental factors. It is characterized by localized damage that can lead to the loss of a significant portion of the crop or the plant itself.

2 111 varieties

Cercospora leaf spot

Cercospora beticola

Cercospora leaf spot is a fungal plant disease that causes leaf spotting, necrosis, and a significant yield reduction due to the disruption of photosynthesis.

2 072 varieties

Potato leafroll virus

Potato leafroll virus

Potato leafroll virus is a dangerous viral disease that causes leaf rolling, tuber flesh necrosis, and a significant reduction in yield. It is transmitted primarily by green peach aphids and infected tubers.

1 497 varieties

Plum Pox (Sharka)

Plum pox virus

Plum pox (Sharka) is an incurable quarantine viral disease of stone fruit crops, leading to crop loss and fruit degradation. The disease manifests as chlorotic spots on leaves, necrosis on fruits, and premature fruit drop.

1 410 varieties

Rhynchosporium

Rhynchosporium

Rhynchosporium is a dangerous fungal disease of barley and rye, manifesting as leaf blotches and leading to premature drying and significant yield losses.

1 358 varieties

Rhizoctonia

Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia is a polyphagous disease affecting underground and near-ground plant organs at all vegetation stages. The pathogen manifests as rots, stem and root ulcers, and sclerotia on tubers, which leads to sparse emergence and reduced commercial crop quality.

1 239 varieties

Blossom-end rot

Blossom-end rot is a physiological metabolic disorder caused by a local calcium deficiency in fruit tissues. It manifests as sunken dark spots at the blossom end of the fruit under conditions of water or temperature stress.

922 varieties

Blackleg

Olpidium brassicae, Pythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Phoma lingam, Fusarium sp., Botrytis cinerea, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum

Blackleg is a group of diseases of the basal stem part caused by soil-borne fungi, oomycetes, or bacteria, leading to lodging and plant death. The disease is characterized by darkening and thinning of the stem, often accompanied by the rapid death of young seedlings and transplants.

880 varieties

Ascochyta blight

Ascochyta

Ascochyta blight is a group of fungal plant diseases characterized by the appearance of spots with punctate sporulation on leaves, stems, and pods. The disease significantly reduces seed germination and crop productivity, causing yield losses of up to 50% or more.

821 varieties

Stolbur (phytoplasmosis)

Tomato stolbur phytoplasma, Aster yellows phytoplasma

Stolbur is a dangerous plant disease caused by phytoplasmas and transmitted by sap-sucking insect vectors. The disease manifests as chlorosis, deformation of flowers and fruits, causing significant yield losses.

618 varieties

Clubroot

Plasmodiophora brassicae

Clubroot is a dangerous fungal disease affecting the root system of cruciferous plants. It manifests in the formation of galls and tumors on the roots, leading to stunted growth, wilting, and significant crop losses.

577 varieties

Rice blast

Pyricularia oryzae

Rice blast is a dangerous fungal disease of rice that affects all above-ground plant organs and can destroy up to 100% of the crop. The disease manifests in leaf, node, and panicle forms, causing necrosis and tissue death.

470 varieties

Dry rot

Fusarium

Dry rot (Fusarium rot) is a dangerous disease caused by soil-borne fungi, characterized by tissue shriveling and the formation of cavities filled with mycelium in tubers and fruits, as well as plant wilting.

439 varieties

Ramularia leaf spot

Ramularia collo-cygni

Ramularia leaf spot is a fungal disease of barley that manifests as rectangular reddish-brown spots with a chlorotic halo. The disease is characterized by high harmfulness and often occurs in a latent form, complicating visual diagnosis.

432 varieties

Ergot

Claviceps purpurea

Ergot is a fungal disease of cereals characterized by the formation of toxic sclerotia instead of grains. The disease poses a critical risk to crop quality due to the content of alkaloids dangerous to health.

365 varieties

Nematodes

Nematodes are microscopic roundworm endoparasites that feed on plant sap and cause significant yield losses. Varietal resistance is provided by genetic mechanisms that prevent pest reproduction and is assessed according to the International Seed Federation scale.

13 637 varieties

Aphids

Aphididae

Aphids are sap-sucking pests that cause leaf deformation, stunted plant growth, and reduced productivity. They also act as vectors for viral infections and facilitate the growth of sooty mold on the honeydew they secrete.

6 810 varieties

Thrips

Thysanoptera

Thrips are small, cryptic, sap-sucking pests that damage plant tissues and transmit viral diseases. Resistance to them is complex and is more often described qualitatively rather than through strict immunity codes.

1 399 varieties

Spider mite

Tetranychus urticae

The spider mite is an arachnid that damages plants by sucking out cell sap and chlorophyll. The damage manifests as yellowing, curling, and drying of leaves, which leads to a significant reduction in yield.

1 326 varieties

Phylloxera

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Phylloxera is a quarantine pest of grapes in the form of a small aphid that attacks roots and leaves. The root form causes the formation of nodules, root rot, and vine death, making it critically dangerous for European varieties.

895 varieties

Weevils

Curculionidae

Weevils are a family of insects that damage all plant parts at various stages of development. Varietal resistance to them is determined by anatomical and biochemical characteristics, although there is no unified international coding system for such resistance.

387 varieties

Whitefly

Aleyrodidae

The whitefly is a dangerous pest that damages plants by sucking phloem sap and transmitting viruses. Varietal resistance is provided by physical and chemical characteristics of plant tissues that reduce their attractiveness to the insect.

252 varieties

Cutworms and armyworms

Noctuidae

Cutworms and armyworms are a family of polyphagous pests whose larvae gnaw at roots or damage the aerial parts of plants. Resistance to them is not race-specific and is more often determined by the physiological and biochemical properties of a variety or the presence of incorporated Bt genes.

89 varieties

Colorado potato beetle

Leptinotarsa decemlineata

The Colorado potato beetle is a specialized phytophage of Solanaceae capable of reducing potato yields by 50–60%. Completely immune varieties do not exist; breeding efforts are aimed at developing forms with relative resistance.

54 varieties

Wireworm

Elateridae

Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles that inhabit the soil and damage plant roots, stems, and tubers. Varietal resistance to them is a relative indicator based on field trial results rather than genetic immunity.

30 varieties

Maturity group

Maturity group is a biological characteristic of a variety that determines the length of its growing season from emergence to full maturity. This trait is a key tool for planning agronomic operations and selecting varieties suited to the climatic conditions of a region.

89 063 varieties

Yield

Yield is the volume of produce obtained per unit area, reflecting the realization of a variety's genetic potential under specific growing conditions.

67 000 varieties

Vigor

Vigor is the genetic ability of a variety for intensive vegetative biomass accumulation or an indicator of seed viability reflecting germination energy and the ability to overcome soil resistance.

53 548 varieties

Plant height

Plant height is a key morphological trait that determines a variety's lodging resistance and suitability for mechanized harvesting. This indicator is measured in centimeters and shows a high degree of dependence on the interaction between the variety's genotype and environmental conditions.

51 504 varieties

Lodging

Lodging is the displacement of stems from a vertical position or their breakage caused by root or stem factors. It is a critical variety trait that directly affects yield losses and harvesting efficiency.

50 198 varieties

Taste and aroma

Taste and aroma are organoleptic quality indicators determined by a combination of sugars, acids, and volatile compounds. In variety testing, they are evaluated by an expert tasting method on a five-point scale and supplemented by biochemical analysis.

36 010 varieties

Variety origin

Variety origin represents its genetic background and geographical link to the breeding region. This parameter determines crop adaptability, productivity potential, and cultivation risks.

29 523 varieties

Productivity

Productivity is the biological potential of a variety realized under specific growing conditions. It reflects the ability of a variety to produce a yield depending on agronomic practices, climate, and soil fertility.

27 845 varieties

Winter hardiness

Winter hardiness is a complex indicator of a variety's ability to remain viable throughout the winter and early spring periods, including resistance to frost and other environmental stress factors.

27 261 varieties

Inflorescence

An inflorescence is a generative plant organ that determines yield architecture, pollination type, and the potential productivity of a variety. During variety testing, it serves as an important morphological marker for assessing distinctness, uniformity, stability, and agricultural value.

21 881 varieties

Keeping quality

Keeping quality is an indicator of a cultivar's biological potential, reflecting its ability to maintain market and nutritional qualities over a specified period without significant weight loss or the development of diseases.

21 792 varieties

Vegetation period

The vegetation period of a variety is the time from sowing or emergence to crop maturity, measured in days. This indicator determines the suitability of a variety for cultivation in specific agro-climatic conditions.

20 935 varieties

Tolerance

Tolerance is the ability of a variety to maintain productivity and crop quality when exposed to pathogens or abiotic stresses. Unlike resistant varieties, tolerant plants are affected by infection but compensate for the damage without significant yield loss.

20 866 varieties

Plant height

Plant height is a key varietal trait that determines lodging resistance, suitability for mechanical harvesting, and potential yield. This indicator is genetically determined but manifests depending on environmental conditions and agronomic practices.

20 560 varieties

Double flowering / Reversion

Reversion virus

In crop production, the term refers to two distinct concepts: a decorative trait characterized by an increased number of petals in flowers, or a dangerous viral disease of blackcurrants that causes sterility.

16 231 varieties

Sugar content

Sugar content is an indicator of the concentration of natural sugars in fruits or root crops, determining nutritional value and suitability for processing. This genetic trait is measured in degrees Brix (°Brix) or sugar degrees (°Z) and is critical for assessing variety quality.

14 616 varieties

Leafiness

Leafiness is an agronomic indicator reflecting the proportion of leaves in the total plant biomass, expressed as a percentage. It is of key importance for assessing the nutritional value of crops and the intensity of photosynthetic processes.

13 493 varieties

Fruit cracking

Fruit cracking is a physiological disorder caused by an imbalance between fruit tissue growth and the extensibility of the fruit skin. This varietal trait determines the ability to maintain integrity during sudden changes in environmental conditions.

12 540 varieties

Determinacy

Determinacy is a genetically determined plant growth habit where development is limited by the formation of a specific number of inflorescences. This trait defines bush architecture, maturation rates, and crop management strategies.

12 519 varieties

Drought tolerance

Drought tolerance of a variety is the ability of a plant to maintain productivity and crop quality under conditions of moisture deficit and dry air. This property is based on mechanisms of drought escape, water conservation, and physiological tissue endurance.

12 470 varieties

Thousand kernel weight

Thousand kernel weight is an indicator characterizing seed size, density, and plumpness, expressed in grams. It is an essential tool for calculating seeding rates and indirectly assessing a crop's yield potential.

11 999 varieties

Frost hardiness

Frost hardiness is the genetically determined ability of a plant to withstand exposure to sub-zero temperatures without tissue damage. This indicator reflects the critical temperature threshold beyond which the plant dies.

11 978 varieties

Ear

The ear is the female inflorescence of maize, acting as a key element of the yield structure that determines the potential productivity and harvestability of a hybrid.

11 707 varieties

Self-fertility

Self-fertility is the ability of a cultivar to form fruit when pollinated with its own pollen. This trait ensures yield stability regardless of weather conditions and the activity of pollinating insects.

11 044 varieties

Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell nucleus, which determines the biological properties and productivity of a variety. This trait is used in breeding to modify morphological parameters of plants, such as increasing fruit size.

10 934 varieties

Protein content

Protein content is a key grain quality indicator determining its grade, market value, and end-use, expressed as a percentage of grain mass.

10 797 varieties

Fruit acidity

Fruit acidity is a biological trait of a variety that determines taste quality, suitability for processing, and resistance to spoilage. It is assessed via the total concentration of all acids contained in the fruit.

10 508 varieties

Dry matter

Dry matter is the sum of all plant components excluding water, determining its nutritional value, keeping quality, and actual yield. This indicator is used as a marker to assess maturity stage and compare the productivity of different varieties.

10 325 varieties

Uniformity

Uniformity is an indicator of the homogeneity of a seed lot or plants in a crop based on traits such as size, height, maturity date, and habitus. High uniformity ensures even emergence and yield stability, which is critical for variety assessment and product quality.

10 270 varieties

Marketability

Marketability is an indicator of the suitability of the yield for sale, expressing the ratio of the mass of produce that meets quality standards to the total gross yield. It is expressed as a percentage and is a key indicator of the economic efficiency of a variety.

9 316 varieties

Branching

Branching is a morphological trait of a plant characterized by its ability to form lateral shoots from the main stem. This indicator determines plant architecture, its productivity, and its response to seeding density.

8 809 varieties

Peduncle

A peduncle is a morphological trait of a plant that characterizes the generative development phase and determines product marketability and harvesting efficiency. Its parameters depend on the genetic characteristics of the cultivar and environmental conditions.

7 889 varieties

Oil content

Oil content is the percentage of crude fat and fat-like substances in seeds or fruits, which determines the oil yield from the raw material. This parameter is a key indicator of crop quality and the economic efficiency of a variety.

7 813 varieties

Flower color

Flower color is a stable morphological trait of a variety used to confirm its identity, purity, and uniformity. It is determined by the genetic composition of pigments and may vary under the influence of environmental factors.

7 731 varieties

Transportability

Transportability is the ability of produce to maintain its marketability, nutritional value, and integrity during handling. It is expressed as resistance to mechanical damage and decay, determining the possibilities for logistics and crop marketing.

7 545 varieties

Bulb

The bulb is a storage organ of the plant that determines the commercial value of a cultivar through a combination of morphological and biological characteristics. It is evaluated by mass, number of bulbs per cluster, number of growing points, shape, and qualitative indicators of keeping quality and…

7 519 varieties

Vining habit

Vining habit is a descriptive indicator of plant architecture characterizing a cultivar's ability to produce long lateral shoots. This trait is typical for cucurbits and is taken into account when planning planting patterns and cultivation methods.

6 098 varieties

Budding

Budding in variety testing is a phenological plant development stage characterized by the formation of flower primordia, used to determine the maturity group of a variety.

5 860 varieties

Herbicide tolerance

Herbicide tolerance is the genetically determined ability of a crop variety to withstand the phytotoxic effects of chemical agents, allowing for the application of herbicides to growing crops without suppressing the crop.

5 668 varieties

Flower fragrance

Flower fragrance is the aggregate of volatile organic compounds produced by a plant to attract pollinators, serving as an important qualitative ornamental trait of a variety.

5 448 varieties

Waxy bloom

Waxy bloom is a layer of wax-like substances on the surface of plant organs that acts as a protective barrier against moisture evaporation, overheating, and pests. This trait is genetically determined and serves as an important criterion for a variety's resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

5 256 varieties

Baking quality

Baking quality is a complex of wheat grain characteristics that determine its ability to form dough with specific physical properties for producing bread of high volume and porosity.

4 872 varieties

Abundance and duration of flowering

Abundance and duration of flowering are phenological indicators reflecting the density of flowers on a plant and the time span of the flowering phase, which determine the potential productivity and adaptability of a variety.

4 764 varieties

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS)

CMS is a condition in plants where pollen is either not produced or is non-viable despite the normal development of female organs. It is a fundamental trait in commercial seed production that prevents self-pollination and allows the production of hybrid seeds without manual emasculation.

4 451 varieties

Shattering

Shattering is an indicator of grain resistance to falling out of the spike or inflorescence during ripening and harvesting, which influences the scale of yield losses. This trait is genetically determined and manifests under the influence of adverse weather factors.

4 447 varieties

Starch content

Starch content is an indicator of starch concentration in tubers, expressed as a percentage of their weight, which determines culinary properties, keeping quality, and suitability of potatoes for processing.

4 253 varieties

Tillering

Tillering is the ability of cereal crops to form lateral shoots from the tillering node, which determines the variety's biological potential to create a productive stand.

4 028 varieties

Remontancy

Remontancy is a plant's ability to set flower buds and produce fruit multiple times within a single growing season. This trait allows for multiple-wave harvesting over an extended period.

3 040 varieties

Gluten

Gluten is a complex of water-insoluble wheat proteins that forms the structure of dough. Its quantity and quality are genetically determined varietal traits that define the technological value of the grain.

3 027 varieties

Germination capacity

Germination capacity is an indicator of seed sowing quality that determines their ability to produce normal seedlings within a specified period. It serves as the basis for calculating the seeding rate and planning plant stand density in the field.

2 969 varieties

Cold tolerance

Cold tolerance is a biological characteristic of a variety that determines its ability to develop and maintain productivity under prolonged exposure to low positive temperatures (from +1 to +10 °C).

2 844 varieties

Test weight

Test weight is a measure of the bulk density of grain, expressed in grams per liter, which characterizes grain plumpness, maturity, and the potential yield of finished products.

2 319 varieties

Flower diameter

Flower diameter is a morphological trait of a variety used to assess ornamental quality, commercial value, and plant identification during variety testing.

2 318 varieties

Rhizome

A rhizome is a modified underground stem that functions in nutrient storage, vegetative propagation, and overwintering. In agronomy, this trait is considered to assess a variety's biological potential, soil cultivation strategy, and spatial isolation requirements.

2 122 varieties

Heat tolerance

Heat tolerance is a plant's genetic ability to maintain metabolic activity and productivity under high temperature conditions. It manifests as resistance to protein denaturation, turgor loss, and generative organ mortality.

1 598 varieties

Falling number

Falling number is a grain quality indicator that reflects the activity of the alpha-amylase enzyme, which affects the viscosity of flour paste. It is measured in seconds and characterizes the grain's ability to resist sprouting.

1 568 varieties

Vitreousness

Vitreousness is an indicator of wheat grain endosperm consistency, reflecting the density of the bond between starch granules and protein. It is a key quality trait that determines the grain grade and its technological properties during processing.

836 varieties

Parthenocarpy

Parthenocarpy is the genetic ability of a plant to form fruits without the process of pollination. This trait allows for a stable yield of seedless fruits in greenhouse conditions or during adverse weather when pollinating insects are scarce.

713 varieties

Heterosis

Heterosis is the effect of first-generation hybrids superiority over parental forms in terms of viability, productivity, and resistance to external factors.

472 varieties

Salt tolerance

Salt tolerance is the genetically determined ability of a cultivar to maintain productivity under soil salinity conditions. It is characterized by adaptation to salt content exceeding 0.2–0.25% by mass.

288 varieties

Fresh market use

Labeling a variety as intended for fresh market use indicates that priority is given to appearance, organoleptic properties, and fruit texture during breeding. Such varieties require specific agronomic practices with an emphasis on maintaining harvest integrity and marketable yield.

38 375 varieties

Container culture

Container culture is a technology for growing plants in a limited volume of soil, requiring careful selection of genetically adapted varieties.

31 772 varieties

Suitability for processing

Suitability for processing is the conformity of the harvest to strict biochemical and morphological standards required for industrial equipment operation. Selecting a variety for processing requires prioritizing raw material quality over maximum yield.

31 676 varieties

Open field

Cultivation in open field conditions requires the selection of varieties adapted to uncontrolled environmental factors and climatic fluctuations. Such varieties are characterized by genetic plasticity, stress tolerance, and a vegetation period consistent with local weather conditions.

28 305 varieties

Protected cultivation

Protected cultivation involves the use of specialized varieties and hybrids adapted to the specific microclimate of greenhouses, hotbeds, and controlled-environment agriculture systems.

24 262 varieties

Suitability for cutting

Suitability for cutting is a complex of agronomic and biological plant traits that determines its ability to retain marketability and viability after being separated from the mother plant.

22 417 varieties

Forage purpose

The forage purpose of a variety defines the plant's specialization in producing biomass with specified nutritional parameters for livestock. The selection of such a variety is based on product quality, its chemical composition, and the plant's ability to be efficiently converted into feed.

21 218 varieties

Winter covering

Winter covering is an agrotechnical practice for plant protection, indicating a variety's insufficient adaptation to the local climate. The necessity of this procedure shifts crop cultivation into an intensive and labor-intensive format, requiring regular expenditures and strict adherence to work s…

14 029 varieties

Bedding plants

Bedding plant displays are a method of using plants in landscaping that requires strict adherence to geometry, ornamental synchrony, and a high level of agronomic care.

13 612 varieties

Silage and haylage

Cultivation of maize for silage and haylage aims to maximize the energy value of biomass through the selection of hybrids with high fiber digestibility and optimal grain composition. Key factors include leafiness, the Stay Green effect, and the balance between yield and feed quality.

13 089 varieties

Canning and pickling

Suitability of a variety for canning and pickling is determined by specific morphological and biochemical properties that allow maintaining texture, shape, and taste after processing. This requires a specific approach to agronomic practices to achieve the desired fruit quality.

10 588 varieties

Suitability for freezing

Suitability for freezing is a set of genetic characteristics of a variety that ensure the preservation of structure, taste, color, and nutritional properties of fruits after deep freezing and thawing.

10 245 varieties

Rootstock

A rootstock is the root system and the lower part of the stem onto which a cultivated variety is grafted. It serves as the foundation of the plant, determining its vitality, vigor, time to fruit-bearing, and resistance to external conditions.

9 803 varieties

Irrigation

Irrigation is a tool for managing soil water, nutrient, and thermal regimes, allowing to offset precipitation deficits and increase crop yields. Varieties for these conditions must possess high yield potential and the ability to effectively utilize intensive agronomic practices.

9 637 varieties

Pot culture

Pot culture is a plant cultivation technology in a limited volume of substrate, requiring the selection of varieties with specific morphological characteristics. The success of the method depends on the quality of the soil mixture, irrigation intensity, and the correct choice of compact plant forms.

8 028 varieties

Border plantings

Border plantings are narrow strips of low-growing plants planted along plot boundaries for visual zoning and decorative framing. Their formation requires careful selection of cultivars characterized by a compact habit and dense structure.

6 657 varieties

Pollinizer variety

A pollinizer variety is a variety planted next to the main one to ensure cross-pollination in self-infertile crops. Its use is necessary to ensure a full yield and prevent barren flowers.

6 599 varieties

Cuttings propagation

Cuttings propagation is a vegetative method of reproduction that ensures the production of genetically identical copies of the parent plant and the preservation of all its varietal traits.

6 267 varieties

Planting density

Planting density is the number of plants per unit area, which determines the area of nutrition and the efficiency of resource utilization by the crop. This indicator directly influences yield formation and is an important tool for managing a variety's potential.

5 959 varieties

Grafting and budding

Grafting and budding are agrotechnical methods of combining a scion and a rootstock into a single biological organism. This allows for controlling tree growth, accelerating fruiting, and adapting varietal qualities to specific soil and climatic conditions.

3 506 varieties

Specimen planting

Specimen planting is a landscaping technique of placing a single plant in an open space to highlight its individual qualities. This method requires special attention to decorative appearance, crown shape, and plant health, as it is visible from all sides.

2 981 varieties

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

2 949 varieties

Sowing date

Sowing date is an agrotechnical parameter that determines the realization of a variety's genetic potential depending on its biological characteristics, heat requirements, and day length requirements.

2 891 varieties

Seeding rate

Seeding rate is the number of seeds per unit area, which determines plant stand density and optimal nutrition area for realizing the biological potential of a variety. This indicator is closely related to the morphological characteristics of the crop and the variety's response to environmental cond…

2 803 varieties

Malting quality

Malting quality of barley is the grain's compliance with strict technological standards critical for the malting industry. Key requirements include strictly limited protein content (9–12%), high uniformity, plumpness, and germination capacity.

2 683 varieties

Scion

A scion is the aerial part of a plant in the form of a cutting or bud, taken from a cultivar for grafting onto a rootstock. It is the scion that determines the varietal characteristics of the future plant, such as flavor, yield, and fruit quality.

1 690 varieties

Green manures

Green manures are plants grown to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and to accumulate organic matter, rather than for a commercial harvest. They function as green manure, provide soil structure, and contribute to phytosanitary improvement.

1 218 varieties