Nematodes are microscopic roundworms ranging from 0.3 to 2 mm in size that act as obligate plant parasites. Most species penetrate root, stem, or bulb tissues, causing growth inhibition, wilting, and patchy crop development, with tissue damage often facilitating secondary infections.
Varietal resistance to nematodes is based on the plant's genetic apparatus, including specific R-genes that limit the feeding or reproduction of the pest. In some cases, protection is provided by a hypersensitive response, where local cell death occurs at the site of infection.
Protection efficacy is evaluated using International Seed Federation codes: HR denotes high resistance with limited parasite development under high inoculum pressure, while IR indicates intermediate resistance. The level of protection is race-specific and depends on the specific species and pathotype of the nematode.