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Cultivation

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

Mentioned in descriptions 2 949 varieties reference book.

Winter forms require exposure to low temperatures between 0 and +10°C for 20–70 days to transition to generative development, whereas spring forms require only temperatures between +5 and +20°C for 7–20 days. When winter forms are sown in the spring, plants often fail to form reproductive organs. There are also facultative varieties capable of producing a harvest under both sowing patterns in regions with mild climates.

The choice between these forms depends on risk management, crop rotation, and technical resources. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn; they have higher yield potential due to the utilization of autumn-winter moisture and mature 10–15 days earlier. Spring forms depend on spring-summer precipitation; they possess lower winter hardiness and more frequently exhibit high baking quality.

Variety resistance and productivity are determined by adaptability to local climatic conditions, such as the availability of reliable snow cover for winter forms or tolerance to summer droughts for spring forms. Planning sowings using both forms allows for reduced machinery workload during the spring period, efficient distribution of soil fertility, and protection of the farm against weather-related risks.

Sources10

Breakdown by crop

Winter and spring forms of common wheat 370 Winter and spring barley forms 187 Winter and spring forms of triticale 141 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 93 Winter and Spring Forms — Durum Wheat 67 Winter and spring forms of oats 50 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 41 Winter and spring forms of rye 26 Winter and spring forms of pea 24 Winter and spring forms of flax 21 Winter and spring forms of spelt and emmer 20 Winter and spring forms of Camelina sativa 17 Winter and Spring Forms of Faba Bean 16 Winter and spring forms of common vetch 13 Winter and spring forms of small-seeded faba beans 13 Winter and spring forms — opium poppy 11 Winter and spring growth habits — common wheat 10 Winter and spring forms of winter cress 10 Winter and spring forms of Triticum monococcum L. 9 Winter and spring forms of garlic 8 Winter and Spring Forms — Red Fescue 7 Winter and Spring Forms of Emmer 7 Winter and spring forms of white lupin 6 Winter and spring forms of onion 4

Found in these crops

Bread wheat 211 Apple 87 Triticale 87 Barley 79 Rapeseed 53 Durum wheat 36 Oat 31 Pea 21 Rapeseed 19 Rye 17 European pear 15 Spelt 14

Varieties that feature this in their description

Selection based on the description text, not official resistance ratings: such data is not available in registers. Mention indicates that the trait is discussed in the variety's sources; see the variety's profile for details on what is specifically stated.

Husky

Terminated

Vicia faba L. · Broad bean

Olaf Sass^^^Martin Frauen

3 records

Elvis

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

SAATZUCHT JOSEF BREUN GMBH and CO.KG

3 records

Cadlimo

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Agroscope

4 records

Dorena

Terminated

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Agroscope

4 records

Campanile

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Agroscope

4 records

Arpille

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Dario Fossati

4 records

RGT Iliade

Active

Avena sativa L. · Oat

RAGT 2N S.A.S

FR
4 records

Polo

Active

Lupinus angustifolius L. · Narrow-leaf lupin

ENEA - AGENZIA NAZIONALE PER LE NUOVE TECNOLOGIE, L'ENERGIA E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE / ISEA S.R.L.

IT
4 records

Blask

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Hodowla Roslin Smolice Sp.z o.o Grupa IHAR

PL
4 records

Bc Zmaj

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Bc Institut d.d. Zagreb (HR)

HR
4 records

Badengold

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. · Spelt

Dr. Christoph Kling in Universität Hohenheim - Landessaatzuchtanstalt -

DE
4 records

Andorre

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

LEMAIRE DEFFONTAINES S.A.S.

FR
4 records

KWS Xalibor

Active

Secale cereale L. · Rye

KWS Lochow

PL
2 records

V 404 OL

Withdrawn

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

Deutsche Saatveredelung AG - DSV (DE)

DK FR
2 records

Wattines

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Florimond Desprez Veuve et Fils, FR

ES FR
3 records

TA22BW034

Application submitted

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

BASF SE (DE)

FR PL
3 records

Racing

Application submitted

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'aliment (FR)/Agri Obtentions SA (FR)

AT FR
2 records

Profundo

Withdrawn

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

SAATZUCHT STRENG-ENGELEN GMBH&CO. KG

DE PL
2 records

Orepi

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

MENNESSON

DK FR
4 records

Nuptiale

Terminated

Avena sativa L. · Oat

Ets Claude Camille Benoist SA (FR)

FR IE
3 records

Lamela

Active

Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. · Emmer

Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie

CZ PL
2 records

KWS Fotos

Withdrawn

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

KWS MOMONT RECHERCHE SARL, FR

DE HR
2 records

Hanna

Protection expired

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

HANS SVENSK, C/O SVALÖF WEIBULL AB

DK SE
3 records

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