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Cultivation

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

Mentioned in descriptions 2 949 varieties reference book.

Winter forms require exposure to low temperatures between 0 and +10°C for 20–70 days to transition to generative development, whereas spring forms require only temperatures between +5 and +20°C for 7–20 days. When winter forms are sown in the spring, plants often fail to form reproductive organs. There are also facultative varieties capable of producing a harvest under both sowing patterns in regions with mild climates.

The choice between these forms depends on risk management, crop rotation, and technical resources. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn; they have higher yield potential due to the utilization of autumn-winter moisture and mature 10–15 days earlier. Spring forms depend on spring-summer precipitation; they possess lower winter hardiness and more frequently exhibit high baking quality.

Variety resistance and productivity are determined by adaptability to local climatic conditions, such as the availability of reliable snow cover for winter forms or tolerance to summer droughts for spring forms. Planning sowings using both forms allows for reduced machinery workload during the spring period, efficient distribution of soil fertility, and protection of the farm against weather-related risks.

Sources10

Breakdown by crop

Winter and spring forms of common wheat 370 Winter and spring barley forms 187 Winter and spring forms of triticale 141 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 93 Winter and Spring Forms — Durum Wheat 67 Winter and spring forms of oats 50 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 41 Winter and spring forms of rye 26 Winter and spring forms of pea 24 Winter and spring forms of flax 21 Winter and spring forms of spelt and emmer 20 Winter and spring forms of Camelina sativa 17 Winter and Spring Forms of Faba Bean 16 Winter and spring forms of common vetch 13 Winter and spring forms of small-seeded faba beans 13 Winter and spring forms — opium poppy 11 Winter and spring growth habits — common wheat 10 Winter and spring forms of winter cress 10 Winter and spring forms of Triticum monococcum L. 9 Winter and spring forms of garlic 8 Winter and Spring Forms — Red Fescue 7 Winter and Spring Forms of Emmer 7 Winter and spring forms of white lupin 6 Winter and spring forms of onion 4

Found in these crops

Bread wheat 211 Apple 87 Triticale 87 Barley 79 Rapeseed 53 Durum wheat 36 Oat 31 Pea 21 Rapeseed 19 Rye 17 European pear 15 Spelt 14

Varieties that feature this in their description

Selection based on the description text, not official resistance ratings: such data is not available in registers. Mention indicates that the trait is discussed in the variety's sources; see the variety's profile for details on what is specifically stated.

Sanremo

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

SARL ADRIEN MOMONT ET FILS, FR

FR
5 records

NS Ilina

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Institute of field and vegetable crops - Novi Sad (SR)

BG
4 records

Merkawa

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Hodowla Roslin Smolice Sp.z o.o Grupa IHAR

PL
6 records

Marianna

Active

Vicia sativa L. · Common vetch

EUROGEN SRL

IT
4 records

GK Judy

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Tomcsanyi Andras / Zsolnai Antalne / Varga Ferenc / Leder Laszlo

HU
6 records

Bedretto

Terminated

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

RAC Station federale de recherches agronomiques de Changins (CH)

FR
7 records

SP ATHS ALBJUWEL

Active

Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. · Emmer

Universität Hohenheim Landessaatzuchtanstalt Herrn Dr. Friedrich Longin

DE
3 records

Yecora F 70

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

SARH-INIA

ES
4 records

FD 13105

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

FLORIMOND DESPREZ VEUVE ET FILS

ES IT
2 records

NS Sirmium

Active

Vicia sativa L. · Common vetch

NS ratarstvo (YU)

SI
4 records

Ontario

Active

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. · Apple

CZ FR NL SI
15 records

Margam

Terminated

Avena sativa L. · Oat

ES FR HR
7 records

Trudie

Active

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

DK
4 records

Tarocco

Active

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck · Sweet orange

ES FR
7 records

Urho

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

EE FI
5 records

Rogo

Terminated

Secale cereale L. · Rye

FI SE
6 records

Pitoma

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

HR IT
5 records

Ilinca

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

RO
4 records

Brisant

Withdrawn

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

DEUTSCHE SAATVEREDELUNG AG

EE LT LV
3 records

Tampa

Active

Brassica napus L. · Rapeseed

SAATZUCHT DONAU GESMBH&COKG

IT LT UA
4 records

Maya

Protection expired

Vicia faba L. · Broad bean

SERASEM RECHERCHES ET

IE
5 records

Bravo nova

Terminated

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

Serasem, FR

ES FR IE
4 records

Celtic

Protection expired

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Florimond Desprez Veuve et Fils, FR

DK ES FR
5 records

Vesna

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Poljoprivredni Institut Osijek, HR

HR
5 records

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