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Cultivation

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

Mentioned in descriptions 2 949 varieties reference book.

Winter forms require exposure to low temperatures between 0 and +10°C for 20–70 days to transition to generative development, whereas spring forms require only temperatures between +5 and +20°C for 7–20 days. When winter forms are sown in the spring, plants often fail to form reproductive organs. There are also facultative varieties capable of producing a harvest under both sowing patterns in regions with mild climates.

The choice between these forms depends on risk management, crop rotation, and technical resources. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn; they have higher yield potential due to the utilization of autumn-winter moisture and mature 10–15 days earlier. Spring forms depend on spring-summer precipitation; they possess lower winter hardiness and more frequently exhibit high baking quality.

Variety resistance and productivity are determined by adaptability to local climatic conditions, such as the availability of reliable snow cover for winter forms or tolerance to summer droughts for spring forms. Planning sowings using both forms allows for reduced machinery workload during the spring period, efficient distribution of soil fertility, and protection of the farm against weather-related risks.

Sources10

Breakdown by crop

Winter and spring forms of common wheat 370 Winter and spring barley forms 187 Winter and spring forms of triticale 141 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 93 Winter and Spring Forms — Durum Wheat 67 Winter and spring forms of oats 50 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 41 Winter and spring forms of rye 26 Winter and spring forms of pea 24 Winter and spring forms of flax 21 Winter and spring forms of spelt and emmer 20 Winter and spring forms of Camelina sativa 17 Winter and Spring Forms of Faba Bean 16 Winter and spring forms of common vetch 13 Winter and spring forms of small-seeded faba beans 13 Winter and spring forms — opium poppy 11 Winter and spring growth habits — common wheat 10 Winter and spring forms of winter cress 10 Winter and spring forms of Triticum monococcum L. 9 Winter and spring forms of garlic 8 Winter and Spring Forms — Red Fescue 7 Winter and Spring Forms of Emmer 7 Winter and spring forms of white lupin 6 Winter and spring forms of onion 4

Found in these crops

Bread wheat 211 Apple 87 Triticale 87 Barley 79 Rapeseed 53 Durum wheat 36 Oat 31 Pea 21 Rapeseed 19 Rye 17 European pear 15 Spelt 14

Varieties that feature this in their description

Selection based on the description text, not official resistance ratings: such data is not available in registers. Mention indicates that the trait is discussed in the variety's sources; see the variety's profile for details on what is specifically stated.

Jalna

Active

Avena sativa L. · Oat

PLANT BREEDING INTERNATIONAL CAMBRIDGE

IE
6 records

Idefix

Active

Triticum durum Desf. · Durum wheat

Syngenta Participations AG

IT
5 records

Frigus

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Danko Hodowla Roslin Sp.z.o.o.

PL
7 records

Gandalf

Terminated

Secale cereale L. · Rye

Lantmannen SW Seed AB, SE-268 81 Svalof

SE
6 records

Franziska

Protection expired

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

SECOBRA Saatzucht GmbH Herrn Hubert Bluemel - Betriebsstaette -

DE
6 records

Frelon

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Plant Breeding International Cambridge Ltd (GB)

FR
6 records

Elicsir

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Caussade Semences SA (FR)

FR
5 records

Drachmann

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Sejet Planteforaedling I,S

DK
5 records

Clayton PZO

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Peter Franck^^^Norbert Starck

DE
6 records

Boreal

Active

Linum usitatissimum L. · Common flax

Terre de Lin Sca (FR)

FR
5 records

Boncap

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Lemaire-Deffontaines

FR
5 records

Brio

Terminated

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

RAC Station federale de recherches agronomiques de Changins (CH)/Hybrinova Sa (FR)

FR
6 records

Belepi

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

LEMAIRE DEFFONTAINES S.A.S.

FR
7 records

Borfuro

Active

Secale cereale L. · Rye

SAATZUCHT STEINACH GMBH and CO KG

DE
5 records

Barra

Protection expired

Avena sativa L. · Oat

W WEIBULL

IE
6 records

BG Elastika

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Biogranum, Novi Sad

BG
5 records

Arthur

Protection expired

Lupinus albus L. · White lupin

GIE Lupsem (FR)

FR
6 records

Avle

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Lantmannen SW Seed AB, SE-268 81 Svalof

EE
4 records

Adelie

Terminated

Linum usitatissimum L. · Common flax

Cooperative Liniere de Fontaine-Cany

FR
7 records

Ven

Terminated

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Graminor AS, N-2322 Ridabu

5 records

Togano

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Michael Winzeler

6 records

Larossa

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Arnold Schori

6 records

Mv Béres

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Bedoe Zoltan / Lang Laszlo / Szunics Laszlo / Veisz Otto / Vida Gyula / Karsai Ildiko / Szuecs Peter / Szunics Laszlone / Juhasz Angela

HU RO
5 records

Trionfo

Active

Triticum durum Desf. · Durum wheat

VENTUROLI SEMENTI S.R.L.

IT
4 records

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