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Cultivation

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

Mentioned in descriptions 2 949 varieties reference book.

Winter forms require exposure to low temperatures between 0 and +10°C for 20–70 days to transition to generative development, whereas spring forms require only temperatures between +5 and +20°C for 7–20 days. When winter forms are sown in the spring, plants often fail to form reproductive organs. There are also facultative varieties capable of producing a harvest under both sowing patterns in regions with mild climates.

The choice between these forms depends on risk management, crop rotation, and technical resources. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn; they have higher yield potential due to the utilization of autumn-winter moisture and mature 10–15 days earlier. Spring forms depend on spring-summer precipitation; they possess lower winter hardiness and more frequently exhibit high baking quality.

Variety resistance and productivity are determined by adaptability to local climatic conditions, such as the availability of reliable snow cover for winter forms or tolerance to summer droughts for spring forms. Planning sowings using both forms allows for reduced machinery workload during the spring period, efficient distribution of soil fertility, and protection of the farm against weather-related risks.

Sources10

Breakdown by crop

Winter and spring forms of common wheat 370 Winter and spring barley forms 187 Winter and spring forms of triticale 141 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 93 Winter and Spring Forms — Durum Wheat 67 Winter and spring forms of oats 50 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 41 Winter and spring forms of rye 26 Winter and spring forms of pea 24 Winter and spring forms of flax 21 Winter and spring forms of spelt and emmer 20 Winter and spring forms of Camelina sativa 17 Winter and Spring Forms of Faba Bean 16 Winter and spring forms of common vetch 13 Winter and spring forms of small-seeded faba beans 13 Winter and spring forms — opium poppy 11 Winter and spring growth habits — common wheat 10 Winter and spring forms of winter cress 10 Winter and spring forms of Triticum monococcum L. 9 Winter and spring forms of garlic 8 Winter and Spring Forms — Red Fescue 7 Winter and Spring Forms of Emmer 7 Winter and spring forms of white lupin 6 Winter and spring forms of onion 4

Found in these crops

Bread wheat 211 Triticale 87 Apple 87 Barley 79 Rapeseed 53 Durum wheat 36 Oat 31 Pea 21 Rapeseed 19 Rye 17 European pear 15 Spelt 14

Varieties that feature this in their description

Selection based on the description text, not official resistance ratings: such data is not available in registers. Mention indicates that the trait is discussed in the variety's sources; see the variety's profile for details on what is specifically stated.

SW Valentino

Protection expired

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Rune Elovson

DK EE LT LV SE
16 records

Farino

Terminated

Secale cereale L. · Rye

Wilde, P.

AT DE DK PL SE
12 records

Cappricia

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Lantmännen SW Seed B. V.

AT CZ DE EE LT
9 records

SU Bebop

Active

Secale cereale L. · Rye

HYBRO SAATZUCHT GMBH and CO KG

AT CZ DE FI
11 records

Lobo

Active

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. · Apple

RESPUBLIKANSKOE NAUCHNO-PROIZVODSTVENNOE DOCHERNEE UNITARNOE PREDPRITIE «INSTITUT PLODOVODSTVA»

LT NL PL SI
14 records

Katy

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

SAS FLORIMOND DESPREZ VEUVE and FILS

DK ES FR IT
11 records

Neven

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Todor K. Gubatov

BG ES HR HU RO
10 records

Prestol

Terminated

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

Semences Cargill SA (FR)

DE DK ES FR PL
10 records

Wanad

Protection expired

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Hodowla Roslin Strzelce Sp z.o.o. Grupa IHAR

CZ HU LT PL SK
8 records

NK Nemax

Active

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Seeds Division, CH

CZ DE HR PL UA
9 records

Orvantis

Protection expired

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

NEW FARM CROPS

AT FR HR HU SI
11 records

Karat

Active

Brassica napus var. napus · Rapeseed

SVALOF AB

DE DK ES SE UA
10 records

Gingko

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Nordsaat Saatzucht GmbH, Böhnhausen DE

CZ DE FR HU UA
9 records

Crossway

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Semalliance Gie (FR)

BE FR PL SK
8 records

Fabius

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Saatzucht Donau GmbH & Co.KG

AT LT PL UA
9 records

Trigold

Protection expired

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Lochow-Petkus GmbH (DE)

CZ DE FR PL
11 records

Stairway

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Nordic Seed A/S

DK FI LT NL
10 records

Travoris

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

SAATZUCHT JOSEF BREUN GmbH&Co.KG

DE DK FR LT
8 records

SU Laurielle

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Victoria-Elisabeth Dohrendorf-Laubach

DE FR HU UA
10 records

LID Macumba

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Caussade semences, France

BG FR IT UA
12 records

Kasyno

Active

x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus · Triticale

Jerzy Bogacki c/o "DANKO" Hodowla Roslin sp. z o.o. / Danuta Kurleto c/o "DANKO" Hodowla Roslin sp. z o.o. / Maria Bogacka c/o "DANKO" Hodowla Roslin sp. z o.o.

DE FR LU PL
17 records

Franckenkorn

Active

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. · Spelt

Pflanzenzucht Oberlimpurg

CZ DE HU LU
10 records

Cordoba

Active

Hordeum vulgare L. · Barley

Secobra Recherches, FR

DE DK FR NL
9 records

Amantis

Application submitted

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

Secobra Saatzucht

DK EE LT
11 records

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