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Cultivation

Winter and spring forms

The distinction between winter and spring forms is based on the biological requirement for vernalization—a temperature-driven phase necessary for the formation of reproductive organs. Winter forms require cold exposure, whereas spring forms develop at higher temperatures throughout a single growing…

Mentioned in descriptions 2 949 varieties reference book.

Winter forms require exposure to low temperatures between 0 and +10°C for 20–70 days to transition to generative development, whereas spring forms require only temperatures between +5 and +20°C for 7–20 days. When winter forms are sown in the spring, plants often fail to form reproductive organs. There are also facultative varieties capable of producing a harvest under both sowing patterns in regions with mild climates.

The choice between these forms depends on risk management, crop rotation, and technical resources. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn; they have higher yield potential due to the utilization of autumn-winter moisture and mature 10–15 days earlier. Spring forms depend on spring-summer precipitation; they possess lower winter hardiness and more frequently exhibit high baking quality.

Variety resistance and productivity are determined by adaptability to local climatic conditions, such as the availability of reliable snow cover for winter forms or tolerance to summer droughts for spring forms. Planning sowings using both forms allows for reduced machinery workload during the spring period, efficient distribution of soil fertility, and protection of the farm against weather-related risks.

Sources10

Breakdown by crop

Winter and spring forms of common wheat 370 Winter and spring barley forms 187 Winter and spring forms of triticale 141 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 93 Winter and Spring Forms — Durum Wheat 67 Winter and spring forms of oats 50 Winter and spring rapeseed forms 41 Winter and spring forms of rye 26 Winter and spring forms of pea 24 Winter and spring forms of flax 21 Winter and spring forms of spelt and emmer 20 Winter and spring forms of Camelina sativa 17 Winter and Spring Forms of Faba Bean 16 Winter and spring forms of common vetch 13 Winter and spring forms of small-seeded faba beans 13 Winter and spring forms — opium poppy 11 Winter and spring growth habits — common wheat 10 Winter and spring forms of winter cress 10 Winter and spring forms of Triticum monococcum L. 9 Winter and spring forms of garlic 8 Winter and Spring Forms — Red Fescue 7 Winter and Spring Forms of Emmer 7 Winter and spring forms of white lupin 6 Winter and spring forms of onion 4

Found in these crops

Bread wheat 211 Triticale 87 Apple 87 Barley 79 Rapeseed 53 Durum wheat 36 Oat 31 Pea 21 Rapeseed 19 Rye 17 European pear 15 Spelt 14

Varieties that feature this in their description

Selection based on the description text, not official resistance ratings: such data is not available in registers. Mention indicates that the trait is discussed in the variety's sources; see the variety's profile for details on what is specifically stated.

Propelka

Terminated

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. · Tall fescue

CZ
2 records

Murska bela

Active

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. · Spelt

SI
2 records

Londýnské

Active

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. · Apple

CZ
4 records

Mandub

Terminated

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

DE
2 records

Juno

Active

Triticum aestivum L. · Bread wheat

SK
3 records

Holenická

Active

Pyrus communis L. · European pear

CZ
5 records

Hiberna

Active

Allium cepa L. var. cepa · Onion

CZ
2 records

Haloški

Active

Allium sativum L. · Garlic

SI
2 records

GL Arabella

Active

Vicia faba L. var. minuta (hort. ex Alef.) Mansf. · Tick Bean

DE
2 records

Bodur

Terminated

Triticum durum Desf. · Durum wheat

Bc Institut d.d. Zagreb (HR)

HR
2 records

Birta

Active

Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham · Field mustard

FI
3 records

Augusta

Active

Vicia faba L. var. minuta (hort. ex Alef.) Mansf. · Tick Bean

DE
2 records

Atmosphere

Active

Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham · Field mustard

DE
2 records

Artiga

Active

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. · Apple

CZ
8 records

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